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Available in English, Spanish and French.
What is a Theory of Change (ToC) and why is it important? This guide to understanding and developing a ToC shows how a ToC helps to configure the conditions needed to achieve desired change, using the experience of a given context. This is done partly by making assumptions explicit and by analysing them critically. It is also a monitoring tool that facilitates accountability. A good ToC allows development practitioners to handle complexity without over-simplification.

This guide to understanding and developing a ToC shows how a ToC helps to configure the conditions needed to achieve desired change, using the experience of a given context. This is done partly by making assumptions explicit and by analysing them.

Theory of Change: A thinking and action approach to navigate in the complexity of social change processes

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A new report on Theory of Change (ToC) and its use in International development has just been produced by Isabel Vogel. The report was commissioned by the DFID evaluation division and considers the current uses and definitions of ToC.
A methodology which maps the assumptions which inform planned interventions within all stages of an initiative, ToC is increasingly regarded as an essential tool in designing and appreciating the complex network of factors which influence project outcomes.
Information was gathered through interviews with staff from 25 different development organisations, nine donor agencies, seven international NGOs and nine research and training organisations. The data was then assessed and evaluated within the review, structured around nine topics:
<ol>
<li>Who is using theory of change in international development?</li>
<li>What is ‘theory of change thinking’ in practice?</li>
<li>Why are the ‘assumptions’ so important in theory of change?</li>
<li>What makes a good quality theory of change process and product?</li>
<li>Representing theories of change</li>
<li>Using evidence to support a theory of change process?</li>
<li>Using theory of change thinking to support evaluation, impact assessment and learning</li>
<li>Using theory of change to address complex aspects of programmes and emergent strategy</li>
<li>Embedding on-going theory of change thinking and learning</li>
</ol>
The review considers the practical aspects of ToC implementation; the purpose of the report being, to develop a more consistent approach within DFID to a concept which is gaining in reputation and use within the international development community.
Vogel acknowledges that lack of consensus exists around the specific definition of ToC. The review highlights the necessity for flexibility in developing a successful ToC. Through consideration of different approaches, outlining examples of ToC in practice within the appendix, Vogel identifies and draws together a short list of the core elements, generally agreed upon as essential requirements for any discussion centred on theory of change:
<ol>
<li>Context &#8211; social, political and environmental conditions, existing actors able to influence change</li>
<li>Long-term change- what is it and for whom?</li>
<li>Process/sequence of change anticipated</li>
<li>Assumptions on how change may occur, in order to develop appropriate strategies</li>
<li>Diagram and narrative summary to effectively capture the outcomes of the discussion</li>
</ol>
Using these as points of reference, the review examines the most effective means of establishing a logical pathway to desired outcomes using the ToC model. Vogel highlights the need to establish ToC as an ongoing process developed alongside all phases of a programme from inception to impact evaluation and emphasises that assumptions should be made explicit within the organising framework of a project.
ToC, as the review makes clear, has the potential to provide an invaluable framework for discussion and critical thinking surrounding project implementation and evaluation. It allows for subjective analysis to be discussed and represented, through diagrams and visuals, which can in turn support more dynamic exchange between policy actors, grantees and donors.

A review on ToC in practice based on interviews with staff from 25 different development organisations, nine donor agencies, seven international NGOs and nine research and training organisations.

Review of the use of ‘Theory of Change’ in international development

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This report was commissioned by Comic Relief and written by Cathy James, an independent consultant. It aims to draw together Comic Relief staff and partners’ experiences in using theory of change; to identify others in development that are using theory of change and analyse their different approaches and experience; and to capture learning from everyone to promote debate, and to help inform what agencies using or advocating for the use of theory of change do next.
The review combined analysis of literature with 32 short interviews of people with experience and knowledge of theory of change. The literature included reports, guidelines, study notes, theory of change examples and other relevant documents.

This report was commissioned by Comic Relief. It aims to draw together Comic Relief staff and partners’ experiences in using theory of change; to identify others in development that are using theory of change, to capture learning to promote debate.